Glimpses of the Past (1757–1857) — Bilingual Summary
English Summary
- Company’s rise (1757–1849): The East India Company expanded by superior arms and exploiting princely rivalries, dethroning/subduing Indian rulers one by one.
- Economic drain: Heavy land revenue, coercive collection, duty-free British imports and restrictive Company rules ruined peasants and artisans; famines followed.
- Social backdrop: Superstitions, practices like untouchability/child marriage and loss of self-respect invited colonial scorn.
- Raja Rammohun Roy: Pushed social-religious reform, practical/scientific education and responsible rule; launched newspapers later curbed by the British.
- Oppression via “law”: Regulation III (1818) allowed imprisonment without trial; Indian industries withered while officials drew huge salaries.
- English education (1835): Meant to produce clerks but also created a new class of Indian intellectuals who voiced reforms and grievances.
- Growing discontent (1855–57): Santhal uprising (1855); sepoy anger over pay, promotion, sea-voyage taboos and the greased cartridges issue.
- Revolt of 1857: Spark at Meerut; march to Delhi under Bahadur Shah Zafar; spread across North India. Leaders included Begum Hazrat Mahal, Maulvi Ahmadullah, Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Kunwar Singh, and Mangal Pandey. Though suppressed, it ignited a nationwide spirit of resistance.
हिन्दी सार
- कम्पनी का विस्तार (1757–1849): उन्नत हथियारों व रियासतों की आपसी दुश्मनी का लाभ लेकर ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी ने एक-एक कर भारतीय शासकों को पराजित/हटाया।
- आर्थिक शोषण: भारी लगान, जबरन वसूली, ब्रिटिश आयात पर छूट और कम्पनी के प्रतिबन्धों से किसान-कला कार तबाह; अकाल पड़े।
- सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमि: अन्धविश्वास, अस्पृश्यता/बाल-विवाह जैसी कुरीतियाँ और आत्म-सम्मान का क्षय—औपनिवेशिक उपेक्षा को बढ़ाते रहे।
- राजा राममोहन राय: समाज-धर्म सुधार, व्यावहारिक/वैज्ञानिक शिक्षा और उत्तरदायी शासन के पक्षधर; अख़बार निकाले जिन्हें ब्रिटिश ने रोका।
- दमनकारी “कानून”: रेग्युलेशन III (1818) से बिना मुक़दमे जेल; उधर अफ़सरों की मोटी तनख्वाहें, इधर भारतीय उद्योग ढहते गए।
- अंग्रेज़ी शिक्षा (1835): क्लर्क तैयार करने के उद्देश्य से, पर इससे एक नया बुद्धिजीवी वर्ग भी उभरा जिसने असंतोष व सुधार की आवाज़ बुलंद की।
- असंतोष की चिन्गारियाँ (1855–57): संथाल विद्रोह (1855); सिपाहियों में वेतन-पदोन्नति, समुद्र-यात्रा निषेध और कारतूसों की चिकनाई को लेकर रोष।
- 1857 का विद्रोह: मेरठ से शुरुआत; दिल्ली में बहादुर शाह ज़फ़र के नाम पर एकजुटता; उत्तरी भारत में फैलाव—नेता: बेगम हज़रत महल, मौलवी अहमदुल्लाह, तात्या टोपे, नाना साहेब, कुँवर सिंह, मंगल पांडे। दमन के बावजूद यह आज़ादी की लड़ाई का ऐतिहासिक मोड़ सिद्ध हुआ।
Quick Facts (Dates)
Glimpses of the Past (1757–1857) — Bilingual Answers
Comprehension Check
1. Look at picture 1 and recall the opening lines of the original song
in Hindi. Who is the singer? Who else do you see in this picture?
The singer is Lata Mangeshkar. The picture shows a function in Delhi with national leaders (famously Jawaharlal Nehru among the dignitaries).
2. In picture 2 what do you understand by the Company’s
“superior weapons”?
3. Who is an artisan? Why do you think the artisans suffered?
(picture 3)
4. Which picture, according to you, reveals the first sparks of
the fire of revolt?
Answer the following questions.
1. Do you think the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to
the events of 1757?
2. How did the East India Company subdue the Indian princes?
3. Quote the words used by Ram Mohan Roy to say that every religion teaches
the same principles.
4. In what ways did the British officers exploit Indians?
5. Name these people.
(i) The ruler who fought pitched battles against the British and died fighting.
(ii) The person who wanted to reform the society.
(iii) The person who recommended the introduction of English education
in India.
(iv) Two popular leaders who led the revolt (Choices may vary.)
(iii) T. B. Macaulay
(iv) Any two: Begum Hazrat Mahal, Tatya Tope (also Nana Saheb, Kunwar Singh, etc.)
(iii) टी. बी. मैकॉले
(iv) कोई दो: बेगम हज़रत महल, तात्या टोपे (नाना साहेब, कुँवर सिंह आदि)
6. Mention the following.
(i) Two examples of social practices prevailing then.
(ii) Two oppressive policies of the British.
(iii) Two ways in which common people suffered.
(iv) Four reasons for the discontent that led to the 1857 War of
Independence.
(ii) Regulation III (1818), duty-free British imports / crippling laws
(iii) Heavy taxes, famines / artisans ruined
(iv) Greased cartridges, disregard of customs, landlords losing land, economic oppression
(ii) रेग्युलेशन III (1818), ड्यूटी-फ्री आयात/उद्योग-विरोधी क़ानून
(iii) भारी लगान, अकाल/कारीगर तबाह
(iv) चिकनाईदार कारतूस, रीत-रिवाजों का अपमान, जमींदारी पर चोट, आर्थिक शोषण
Indirect Narration (with rules)
• Backshift in past reporting: is→was, do/does→did, will→would, can→could, may→might. (HI: past reporting में काल पीछे खिसकता है.)
• Pronouns/time change: I→he/they; our→their; now→then; next week→the following week. (HI: सर्वनाम/समय-सूचक बदलते हैं.)
• Commands/suggestions → that-clause / to-infinitive (suggested/advised that…).
• Questions → asked if/why/what… (statement order; no “?”).
• Note on “must”: obligation → often had to/should in reported speech (context-based).
1. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. rules bhi show kare sath me
(i) First man: We must educate our brothers… (three speakers)
The second man added that they should try to improve their material conditions.
The third man suggested that they should convey their grievances to the British Parliament.
दूसरे ने जोड़ा कि उन्हें उनकी भौतिक स्थिति सुधारने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।
तीसरे ने सुझाव दिया कि उन्हें अपनी शिकायतें ब्रिटिश संसद तक पहुँचानी चाहिए।
(ii) First soldier: The white soldier gets huge pay… (three soldiers)
The second soldier remarked that they got a pittance and slow promotions.
The third soldier asked who the British were to abolish their customs.
दूसरे ने कहा कि उन्हें बहुत कम वेतन और धीमी पदोन्नति मिलती थी।
तीसरे ने पूछा कि ब्रितानी कौन होते हैं उनकी परम्पराएँ समाप्त करने वाले।